Organizational structure of the business Essay

Businesses can take different approaches on the way they structure the organization of their business. The different types of structures include flat, matrix, and tall. These represent hierarchical, centralized and decentralized forms of organization. These different structures are used in different types of organization relating to the needs the business may require. In a tall structure there are many levels. People of different status within the business take each level. This is hierarchical. As the levels get higher in the structure, the power and responsibility usually increases. In a tall structured organization there would the top layer of the structure but many at the bottom represent few people. This structure would be used in a large business where there would be many members of staff, many groups under different supervision. This form of organization would cause there to be a lack of communication throughout the business as issues would be passed through the levels, supervisors to managers and may never reach the managing director. Elements like this in a tall structure could lead to a lack of control throughout the business. Flat is another style of organizational structure. This is still of a hierarchical form yet there is less layers in the business. This is more of a democratic approach as there is a smaller span of control throughout the organization. As there is less levels in the structure there is less separate sections of power. The reduction in the amount of layers means that communication throughout the business is greatly improved therefore the managing director has a greater level of control over the business as a whole. This would be used in a smaller business. It would consist of a managing director followed by possibly a number of directors then supervisors then staff in a hierarchical fashion. A matrix approach can also be used. This is constructed by the business itself. It can be a democratic, autocratic or lassiez-faire approach or a mixture of the three. Very large businesses, PLC or LTD’s use this. As the business is so large a tall matrix would not be appropriate as there would be a lack of interaction and control of the business would not be great. To prevent this happening, Boots designed a structure of its own. These are known as matrix structures. Each level has independent managers and spans of control that do not lead up or down the hierarchy of the business. Each level has independent managers and line supervisors so they are self-contained. The local span of control is the responsibility of the line manager. To keep communication strong within the business there is a strong chain of command throughout the structure. This ensures that any problems; ideas or achievement are known throughout the business. This approach keeps communication and control strong, as although there are a great number of people within the structure it is easy to find out what is happening at present through the chain of commanding supervisors who are responsible at that level. The different sections of the business that are present within the matrix are   Boots the Chemist Wellbeing services   Supply and support services   Boots Healthcare international Each of these sections (levels) of the business has line managers and supervisors. These communicate through the chain of command through out the business. This gives a firm structure of a high level of control and interaction, which is within the best interests of the smooth running of the business. The diagram below shows the set out of the business and how the different sections relate to each other. Within these sections the directing and supervisory structure is set out like this throughout the business This is Richard Baker; he is the chief executive of Boots PLC. He does not work in a store but control along with Howard Dodd Paul Bateman the running nationwide of the Boots Empire. They have control over every structure in every store throughout the country from managers to floor workers however it is rare they interact with any one but senior staff in the department stores. Boots to maximize the benefits created the matrix structure. This shows that they have taken their own approach upon their business and changed with the times. Using a matrix structure as the business expanded to the size it is now has proved beneficial and reaches an objective. Boots aimed to Develop, modernize technology and strategies. Using the matrix structure has been a form of modernizing therefore reaching a set objective. Boots aim of globalization would need to lead from a base of a stable market in the UK business sector. To gain a stable grasp in the UK economy Boots needs a stable business. The matrix structure consisting of effective interaction through out the levels and a hold on control ensures that the business runs smoothly and is stable in doing so. This reaches the objective of taking a strong hold in the UK business field, which can lead, to greater expansion and globalization. Companies can survive at a steady pace without altering too much about the workings of the business. However to expand, as Boots wish to, some of the most beneficial ideas may come from staff low down in the hierarchical structure. It is for this reason that the matrix structure is extremely beneficial as communication and interaction is strong between the levels so ideas can quickly be picked up on along with problems. This benefits the performance of the business and issues are quickly picked up on. This also contributes to the working towards of the objective relevant to expansion and customer loyalty as both business and custom seek to gain return from the matrix structures benefits and overall performance of the business as a whole. The matrix structure has many advantages that would not be applicable if the organization structure was of another form. The chain of command within the business ensures that the communication within the different groups is regular and effective. Within the boots organization there are many different sections that deal with different aspects of the business. The seven sections within the Boots group deal with their specific part of the business whether it is the chemist, retail or health care. The specialization within the business is a great advantage to all concerned. The staff employed in each of the sections are special trained in that area. Specialization is a great advantage to the business as it means that jobs can be carried out informatively and effectively. As staff is specialized in their area they provide great customer service as they are well educated in the fields in which they work. Empowerment enables the staff within the different sections to have freedom to do tasks that they are delegated without supervisions. This increases moral and self-motivation, as the staff feels confident and independent within the business. High motivation increases staff productivity, which improves the performance of the business. The span of control within the individual areas of the business ensures that the business is smooth running and any problems that occur can be dealt with quickly and efficiently. This is an advantage, as problems do not have to travel into other areas of the business through the chain of command. The separate sections of the business are independent in the way they work. This ensures the business has high levels of control throughout the whole business in all sections and all can be accessed quickly through the chain of command. All these are advantages that help a great deal towards improving the performance of the business for the reasons listed. Communication within Boots There are many different types of communication that businesses can adopt. Different forms of communication are used in different situations within a business. The main types of communication that are used now a day revolve around ICT. ICT stands for Information Communication Technology. Communication is used everyday from the second a business opens in the morning till the second that it closes. With out communication a business would never reach its full potential or have the smooth operations it could achieve. Within a large business, like a PLC or LTD like boots communication is essential. Without communication different sections of the business would not operate well together and issues could quickly fall out of hand. Communication through the chain of command is so important in keeping a business afloat and operating efficiently. Good communication ensures that the business keeps control and the top of the hierarchical structure is aware, or can easily find out the major movements from day to day. Between departments and hierarchical levels communication links must be strong as decisions and movements are often made that effect other departments. There are many different types of communication method. The specific sectors include   Written   Non-verbal. Verbal   Electronic Face to face Each of these has specific areas in which it is of most benefit to use. Different types of communication are used dependant on the issue that is relevant, who is sending it, and who is receiving it. It is important that communication towards employees is regular and efficient. This is because employees need to be kept informed of the movement of the business in all aspects. If there is product alterations or price changes employees must be informed straight away so that no problems occur within the business. Also information about extra shifts, overtime, work hours and bonuses, especially over Christmas are very important in the smooth operation and motivation of the staff. Supervisors and managers are usually the ones who would communicate with the staff. There are many methods that could be used. Employees could be informed and communicated with by the use of notice boards. This is a cheap method, which means that everyone can see the information present. This is a good method if everyone is aware there is a notice to be seen. This could easily be ignored or not notice quickly however. Letters with the employees pay slips are a good method to use, as it is likely that a very high majority of the employees will read them. This is good if it can wait till payday for the notice to go out although still staff may not read them. A team meeting at the beginning of the day is a very efficient way of communicating with staff as issues can be raised and the employees can communicate also. This means that everyone can be informed and there are no excuses why staff ignores issues raised. Employees who have computers (not floor workers) such as administration areas and HRM can be communicated with many more forms of modern communication such as email and uses of the Intranet. Managers and supervisors need to be able to receive communication from higher up in the chain of command and also to be able to distribute down the chain. This is very important. Higher levels in the hierarchical structure need to be able to communicate regularly and efficiently in order to hold a strong level of control over the business and make alterations and give advice where necessary. It is very important this area of the business is easy to communicate with so that no time is wasted in trying to do so. Managers in the Boots organization have offices in individual branches and headquarters; some supervisors also have computer access. This enables Boots to provide computers for the staff that is a great benefit when it comes to communication. The use of computers means that these managers can be easily and quickly communicated with via the use of email, Intranet messaging and time tabled events that may be stored and altered on network software that is specific to the Boots store. Different forms of communication are used in different parts of the business depending on different factors. These factors determine the form of communication and approach taken. These are described below.   Formal   Informal   Important   Urgent   Optional   Open to all   Sent to a specific person   Person   Impersonal   Relaxed   Who its aimed towards   Who its from Confidential This all affect what type of communication are used in different situations within the business. The different categories that the forms of communication fall into are know as the channels of communication.

Intercultural Management Essay

In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. Examination: Final individual report Group presentation: Case analysis: Participation portfolio and discussion: 50% 20% 20% 10% In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and  the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the  cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and  the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the  cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and  the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences. In the context of globalization, international cooperation becomes more important in the business world. For many multinational enterprises and managers who are internationally active it is big challenge to handle with the problems caused by cultural differences. This module emphasizes on the cultural issues in the business world. This module consist of basic understanding of culture, theoretical models for comparison of cultural differences, awareness of cultural specific problems in international economic co-operations through short and long cases. This will help the students to understand the complexity of the globalized business word and the most appropriate approaches associated with management cross cultures and intercultural communication and negotiation. The students should be able to describe „Intercultural Managementâ€Å" as a segment of international management and understand such approaches as well in order to improve their intercultural competences.

The Railway Children

Chap 1: The Beginning of things The Railway Children Answer the following questions 1. What did Peter get as his birthday present? 2. How did Father treat the children? 3. What was Father doing when the two gentlemen arrived? 4. Who left their family after their father went away? 5. What did Mother make the children promise to her? 6. Where did the three children and their mother move to after leaving London? 7. What did the children bring along with them to the countryside cottage? 8. What happened to them at the cottage upon their arrival? Chap 2: Peter and the coalThe Railway Children Answer the following questions 1. What did the children and their mother do when they could not find their supper? 2. What did the children do when they woke up the following morning? 3. Where did the children go after breakfast? 4. What was the function of the white line on the wall? 5. How did their mother provide for the family expenses? 6. Why didn’t the family light fires to keep their ho use warm during the wet rainy days? 7. What happened to Peter at the station yard? 8. What lesson did the children learn from the coal incident?Chap 3: The Old Gentleman The Railway Children Answer the following questions 1. What did the children do when the trains going to London passed by? 2. Who waved back at the three children? 3. What did the children do at the train station? 4. What happened to the children’s mother? 5. Who came to check on Mother’s condition? 6. What was needed by their mother in order to get well? 7. How did Peter attract the Old Gentleman’s attention? 8. What did Perks, the porter, bring for the children? Chap 4: Bobbie’s Ride The Railway ChildrenAnswer the following questions 1. What was Mother’s reaction when the children told her that they had asked the Old Gentleman to help them buy food and medicine for her? 2. Why did Mother write a letter to the Old Gentleman? 3. What did Bobbie receive for her birthday? 4. Why did Bobbie’s birthday celebrations end on a sad note? 5. What happened to Bobbie on the steam train? 6. Who were the two railway workers who saw Bobbie on the train? 7. Where did Bobbie change trains to go back home? 8. How did Peter feel when he saw that his train engine was repaired?Chap 5: Saving the train The Railway Children Answer the following questions 1. Where were the children when the landslide hit the railway line? 2. Who suggested to use the red petticoats as flags? 3. Did the children manage to stop the train? How did they do it? 4. What is the consequence of the children’s actions? 5. Who invited the children to the train station for a special ceremony? 6. Why was the ceremony held? 7. What did the children get from the Northern and Southern Railway Company? 8. Who did the Old Gentleman meet at the children’s house?

Lear Wont Take a Backseat Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lear Wont Take a Backseat - Case Study Example Lear’s window of opportunity for strategic advantage given by using virtual reality environment would not be for long as the technology is increasingly being adopted within the business strategy and processes across the globe. It has at the most around one to two years of advantage before its competitors catch up with it. With fast advancing technology, the businesses are rapidly adopting the technology-based changes in their processes. It is envisioned that within the next two years, Lear’s competitors would be able to acquire expertise and competency in the designing and working in the virtual environment. Hence, it is important that Lear continuously try to innovate to maintain its competitive advantage in the industry. Â  CAD system does offer Lear huge advantage because it hugely facilitated in digitalizing the manual process of designing. It helped the designers in creating designs that could be changed with the flick of cursor that not only saved time but also the physical labor-intensive way of designing with clay. Â  Virtual reality system significantly adds value to Lear and GM mainly through the creation of value chain that simplifies the various related processes and integrates them to reduce time. At the same time, it increases efficiency and gives the company distinct advantage in the market. Initially, it involved designers, sculptors, and final production/ manufacturing. Lear’s use of technology eliminated the need for sculptors and designers were able to design prototypes and make appropriate correction to suit the customers without bothering with manual clay modeling of the design. The three-dimensional virtual reality environment helped them to visualize and experience the real product in a virtual environment. This was vital input that created a whole new concept of the value chain for GM. Â  Lear executives could seek a number of competitive advantages from IS in general.

Necessity of Multinational Businesses and its Influences Term Paper

Necessity of Multinational Businesses and its Influences - Term Paper Example The multinational business has made major contributions to the economic growth and developments as it helps in increasing employment, industrial production, better government control, higher GDP, national income etc. Having realized the growing importance of multinational business, the most developed and developing countries are following free trade policies to encourage multinational business. The recent developments in the field of international trade are primarily led by deregulation of the business in the global platform. The multinational business is very helpful in increasing flow of capital, exchanges of resources like labor force, raw material, technology etc and it also offer a number of opportunities to the multinational corporation along with hosting country. It brings competition in the market by making specific market matured and efficient. In this regard, Hope and Mailing have described the trade policy as â€Å"competition-enhancing device† as the host countries ’ market receive a number of new players making the market highly competitive for the existing domestic companies (Hope and Maeleng, 1998, p.52). The organisations are trying to expand their market in the overseas boundaries to grab market opportunities. However, in this process of internationalization, there are a number of challenges which have been driven by multiple factors. This paper will attempt to main drivers of multinational business led by the globalization process and major opportunities and challenges in this regard. Globalization has been a very debatable but an interesting area of Economics as it includes all the necessary aspects of growth and development. In fact, the process of globalization includes combines economics, international relation, sociology, and management. All these areas are very significant for economic development and globalization has playing a crucial role in this regard. As globalisation covers wide aspects, many scholars have tried to de fine globalisation as per their perspectives. Rhodes (1996) stressed on economic and financial â€Å"the functional integration of national economies within the circuits of industrial and financial capital† (Ali, 2000, p.5). On the other hand, Mobley and Weldon have given a much broader definition of the globalisation as they defined that is refers to any force that creates an unexpected, uniform, sometimes disruptive condition across heretofore impermeable boundaries within which the relevant conditions were previously varied† (Mobley and Weldon, 2006, p.146). The process of globalisation has been very gradual and there are a number of driving forces behind this process. Globalisation can also be viewed from the multidisciplinary aspects which includes a philosophy, a phenomenon and a process and these three multidisciplinary aspects have influences the human being profoundly. In this regard, the driving forces have led to turn the phenomenon as a process and philosoph y. There are four major driving forces of the globalisation process that includes trade, finance, technology, communication and transport.  

Observational Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Observational Research - Assignment Example Nordstrom Incorporation and Bloomingdale’s are key players in the US’s upscale retail market of fashion industry. The two actors have maintained successful business both online and in their respective physical outlets in different states across the country. This paper is a report about an observational research of the two retailers’ business activities on their official websites and at their physical business locations. The researcher intended to secretly seek answers to unclear marketing issues by disguising as a curious shopper. First, following its founding by Nordstrom John W. and Wallin Carl F. in the early 20th century, Nordstrom’s mission was to serve the upscale market with fashionable items from its head offices in Seattle, Washington. The organization has since grown its business to include stocks of shoes, clothing, handbags, jewelry, and beauty products such as cosmetics and perfumes. In Nordstrom, there were wedding and home decoration products for would-be couples. I realized that the company’s website is stocked with a variety of the goods, but a visit at the physical location of the business revealed much more of the goods available for consumers than could be updated on the online store. On the other hand, I realized that Bloomingdales is also a significant player in the American high-end market. The company was set up in 1861 by Macys, Inc. For more than a century, Nordstrom has been one of its main market rivals in the country. And following the advent of the Internet in the second half of the 20th century, it is clear that Bloomingdales took its products to the online store; a platform upon which it seeks to expand its market share. The performance of the online stores is therefore rated as follows: best (1), better (2), good, (3); bad (4); and worse (5) as written in table 1. The rating is based on the quality of stock and client

Exam 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam 1 - Essay Example Did Don have duty of care? Absolutely, if a person gets into an automobile as a passenger it is entirely reasonable to assert that they expect and the driver accepts the responsibility of safely conveying them to their destination. In this case, if anything, Don had a greater than normal duty of care as, by the time of the crash, Paula was a virtual prisoner in the vehicle. She ‘repeatedly asked Don to stop and let her out of the car†¦. Don ignored her requests.’ Arguably, Don was a kidnapper at this pint with Paula confined by his refusal to let her out. Regardless of this tangent, Don was responsible for the safe operation of the vehicle and the safety of Paula, his passenger. He breeched that care when he drove, insistently, until exhausted and dozed off. A Techbyte employee had driven Paula to the conference and asked Don to return her home as he, the president, was staying at the convention for another day. Approached by the president, Don, ‘a trusted employee’ agreed. He was not doing a friend a favour he was acceding to his superior’s request. Further, during the trip they were to ‘discuss Techbyte’s future computer needs on the way.’ Ultimately, in this scenario, Don was ‘at work’ when the accident occurred and acting as an employee of Techbyte and not as an individual. This, then, gives rise to a second question: Could Techbyte be held liable for the injuries Paula sustained in the car accident that resulted from Don’s negligent driving? Yes, they could. It is difficult to defend against the claim that Don was acting as an employee when he agreed to drive Paula home. As a ‘trusted employee’, presumably a man the president had known for some time, he was a reasonable and responsible choice. At that point Techbyte’s duty of care was fulfilled and the duty of care passed to Don, the driver. This is not a strong claim, but there is a significant mitigating factor here. Don did not injure Paula in

Microsoft Corporation as an Example of a Monopoly Assignment

Microsoft Corporation as an Example of a Monopoly - Assignment Example The author of the paper states that as a protagonist of monopoly championed this practice for cartels as they maintain that its existence leads to an increase in the number of research and development projects as they earn more profits. Although, the companies operate solely in the market and get the high return it does not invest the funds for research and development. Microsoft Corporation as an example of a monopoly has not shown considerable investment in the field of research and development as thought (Jones and Sufrin 573). On the contrary, as a result of obtaining patent rights companies that operate under monopoly, including Microsoft do not have any incentives to innovate other new varieties of products that specialize in the one. Because of these, many countries impose a limit on the number of years companies can hold to their patent of rights (Salanià © 188).  Microsoft’s research and development is mainly because of its competitors but once these competitors wh o operate server operating system market stops Microsoft Company will also no longer see the benefit of carrying out more research and development as it has already come up with a lock-in effect strategy on its customers. Through this strategy, Microsoft can effectively engage its customers in homogenous solutions made by Microsoft worldwide. It is, therefore, definite that monopoly companies do not wish to spend the large amounts of profits it accumulates in research and development. Without a doubt, these monopoly companies would be adamant to produce only those products that are conducive and acceptable to the consumer rather than being innovative and make new products for its customers.

The Impact of Embryonic Stem Cells on Regenerative Medicine Essay

The Impact of Embryonic Stem Cells on Regenerative Medicine - Essay Example This according to me has lead to successful harvesting of human embryonic stem cell. These cells have unrestricted ability. Hence I strongly believe this may possibly permit permanent repair of failing organs by injecting healthy cells produced from human embryonic cells. Again I believe skeptics might refute pluripotent stem cells as tumorogenic. Qualified researchers from Stanford school of Medicine have discovered an innovative yet distinct method of synthesizing liver cells from fat cells extracted from human body. This new method takes less time and produces more liver cells in the process. Other methods such as i-Heps and spherical culture take more time. Therefore since this is the most effective effort and just takes nine days, it should be adopted for faster advancement that the conventional means for liver-poisoning victims seeking transplantation. To start with this process, adipose cells are obtained from liposuction treatments or the removal of fat cells from the patient s bodies. This study at the Stanford University School of Medicine has been successful in transforming adipose stem cells into liver cells. Therefore this new discovery should be adopted because it will start producing immense potential for regenerative medicine. Ideally, the researchers were able to discover that induced pluripotent cells (iPS) had the potential to be used as possible option to human embryonic stem cells. However, some other people believe that some implications could be used to examine the molecular factors of Marfan on an adopted basis (Goldman 1) There is no doubt that the breakthrough of induced pluripotency denotes the synthesis of scientific standards and technologies that have been created over the past sixty years. I have come to learn that somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a dominant tool to investigate the experimental potential of cells; therefore it is quite difficult and not all suitable for generic and biochemical research. Also, this method is important has amounted to further improvement towards isolating iPSCs since the discovery of immortal pluripotent cells from teratocarcinomas (Stadfeld and Hochedlinger 2239-2263). This method is as well important because the discovery of lineage-linked transcription elements, which assist to identify and sustain cellular activity during growth by influencing the articulation of cell form particular genes while suppressing lineage-inappropriate genes, might possibly transform cells outcome where ectopically articulated in specific heterologous cells. However to establish transcriptional controllers so that they might reprogram adult cells into pluripotent cells, it is necessary to develop a magnificent screen for aspects inside a cluster of 24 pluripotency-connected candidate genes that will have the potential for activating a latent drug resistance allele that will be integrated into ESC-specific locus. The methods for deriving iPSCs which do not contain transgenic series are the b est because they are aimed at isolating the potentially destructive impacts of leaky transgenic expression and supplementary mutagenesis. In my view, this is particularly essential when taking into consideration iPSC technology in a therapeutic situation. To understand more about my topic, you will need to learn more about iPSCs. The first insertion free iPSCs were produced from adult mouse hepatocytes using non-integrating adenoviral, and the mouse embryonic fibroblasts. I suspect researchers used these tests so as to provide proof of standard that transitory appearance of the four classical reprogramming aspects of common integration location in iPSCs generated with retroviruses substantiate this argument. In searching the

Let the Beat Build by Nyle Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Let the Beat Build by Nyle - Article Example This paper helps to provide an insight regarding the band, the vocalists and instruments, as well as the thoughts and ideas behind this very music video. Most people that have viewed the video for this particular song have found it to be amazing as the video builds up beats as it progresses along, just as the title suggests. The technique used within the video is the play of instruments as Nyle moves on to build up the tempo and the musical beats and tells his story through various instruments like a banjo, piano and even the drums. The music gives a very indie – hip-hop feel and is like a visual mixed tape and is very impressively shot simultaneously with the audio in the background coming along at the same time. The various instruments add towards the final climax and complete the story that Nyle is trying to portray through the music; the video is more like a three act story. The video is quite random in nature as well as Nyle makes a reference to the DVD of Aladdin: Return of Jafar and also in the middle somewhere, stops the music, apologizes, and then starts again. The characters within the video all seem to be having serious fun as they go along with the music and help to tell the story through extremely precise photography. Nyle has tried to keep with the New York spirit and state of mind while telling the world the kind of life that every man goes through all in a day’s worth of hard work.

Mapleland Fiber Network (MFN) Essay Example for Free

Mapleland Fiber Network (MFN) Essay The city of Mapleland, Oregon, which owns and operates its own power utility, built a fiber-optic network to monitor power meters at residents’ homes. The network is called Mapleland Fiber Network (MFN). Because MFN had more capacity than was needed to monitor meters, the city expanded its services to offer access to the network for citybusinesses. The businesses use the network to communicate with each other and to access the Internet. At the MFN headend, which is located with the city government offices, three routers and WAN links connect to the Internet for use by the city. The businesses on MFN also use these routers to reach the Internet. In addition to the business service, MFN also offers cable modem service to homes. A cable modem router at the MFN headend connects to the fiber-optic network. In the city neighborhoods, hybrid fiber-coax nodes bring coax cabling to each street and into the homes for cable modem Internet access. The MFN backbone consists of a fiber-optic Gigabit Ethernet network that runs through the city in a ring topology. The fiber-optic ring connects the hybrid fiber-coax nodes that bring coax cabling to each neighborhood. Also connected to the ring are six data routers. Each router links one or more Mapleland businesses to MFN via simple point-to-point connections. At the business, the fiber-optic network enters the building and connects to a media converter. A UTP cable connects to the media converter and typically to a 100-Mbps Ethernet switch. The switch links the business’s computers and servers in a star opology via UTP cabling. 1. Draw a network map that shows the topology of the MFN and how the main components are connected. 2. What other information would you gather to improve your map and add more detail? 3. Mapleland is considering expanding the MFN to include wireless access for its residences. What additional investigation will you do to prepare for a citywide wireless network? 4. What security concerns do you have for the wireless network?

Internet Essay Example for Free

Internet Essay Internet has become one of the basic needs for mostly peoples; we can’t expect our daily life without internet. If we observe, we can easily check out the fact that how internet has dominated in our lives and we are very much dependent on internet. Earlier internet wan the source to collect information only but as time and technology changing day by day, lots of new trends is coming and our daily life has shifted on Internet. If we want to explore any new palace, we use internet, if we want to go for shopping, we use internet and this is not the end point of our list. We use internet to solve our mostly daily uses queries. Internet has become very useful in the field of education. As internet contributing great help in education, here we are discussing how internet contributing for education. With the help of internet, we can easily contact with any one. Internet has diminished the differences and every resource is very near and close to the needy one. Earlier School and College projects were too tough to complete but with the help of internet, information and data is available 24? and every needy student can complete their projects with the help of a small research. In other words, now needy one can achieve the goal, excuses don’t exist now. The biggest source for information that is encyclopedia is available online and any one can use it to get desired information. Now there is no chance to get the incomplete information, Encyclopedia contains the most effective information’s and it is available online. Every news in online available, whatever happens is available suddenly sp there is no scope to look back or wait for some thing. You have internet and you can update yourself any time according to your own needs and time table. What ever is happening is visible. There are lots of Online Learning Programs are available for those who are unable to attend the classes or have any other problems. Even online collages and institute are also available to serve online education.

Role Of Language In Identity Formation Cultural Studies Essay

Role Of Language In Identity Formation Cultural Studies Essay People that have multilingual background face complex issues in adapting and assimilating their language to cultural identity that they want to be identified with. People create their linguistic structure so as to bear a resemblance to those of the group with which from time to time they wish to identify. Cultural identity is defined as the product of social and historical background that is constructed when an individual categorize themselves a group, in addition to social context and ethnically accustomed communicative structures in a particular society (Jung and Lee,2004). Language serves as a tool that embraces ones identity and operates as a mean of uniting a cultural community that share the same collective identity. In the process of identity formation, language functions as a tool that holds the cultural identity that the language resembles. Professor Ngugi Wa Thiongo, an African scholar and Kenyan author claims that language is a carrier of culture (cited in Kaili and Kaili). He explains that the distinctiveness qualities that a culture possessed for example, its own value, custom, principles, faith, ideologies and the ways of life are embed in its own language. Kaili and Kaili (1998) gives an example about the relationship between language and identity that is embedded in a culture of fakaapaapa to the variety of status in Tongan social hierarchy; this cultural customs is conceded in the Tongan language of respect. A Tongan speaker will utilize variety form of Tongan speech to express the level of fakaapaapa that is ethnically suitable for the person ones is speaking to. This illustration demonstrate the role that language play in the process of identity formation. Lanehart (1996) in her article alleges that language is a part of ones culture and identity. In the article, Laneheart explains the connection between language and identity and how they are related with each other. She claims that our identities emerge from our transaction which is develop within a culture, whither language is essential. Lanehart relates language and identity through the concept of language goals where people construct their language structure so as to bear similitude with the cluster they want to identify with and want to become. As an African American, she gives her view based on her social experience where she explains the dilemma that African Americans face when they try to incorporate their language to cultural identity that they want to identified with. Social perception that equates the choice to speak Standard English as trying to be White creates a dilemma in most people that have multilingual background. This perception and situation demonstrate that there is a significant connection between language and identity formation. However, the role as a cultural identity that the language play is debatable because there are some cases when the individuals does not identify themselves as a group in particular ethnic even though they master the language of that ethnic. Jung and Lee (2004) in their study about the ethnic identities of Korean American students found that most of their research subjects identify themselves as a person that has a strong Korean background although they are fluent in English and were born in U.S. They identify themselves as either Korean American or Korean, but not American. This is the outcome of strong influence of Korean community that is ethnically oriented. In this context, we can see two forces that drive the changes and divergences identity formation: structures and agency. Structure is the forces beyond our control which shape our identities while agency is the degree control which we ourselves can exert who we are (The Open University, 2010). Ones cannot choose the language t hat they are born with because of the structure forces; however, as time goes by, identities changes as a result of agency factor such as media, environment and social pressure and this induce a person to make changes in which language and cultural identities they want to identify with. Open University (2010) asserts that identities are not fixed and constant; they change too. It can be concludes that language is not the only tools that embrace identity; there are some other external factors that helps the process of identity formation. Language also works as a mean of connecting a cultural community that share the same collective identity. Collective identity refers to sense of belonging when an individual identify themselves to a group or nation (Open University, 2010). Kaili and Kaili (1998) claims that when an individual speak their mother tongue language with their peers, they are a sense of relationship, unity and bond that make the cultural community more connected with each other. Research that was conducted by Jung and Lee (2004) found out that Korean language is the agent that unites the Korean Americans cultural community. Even though there is a type of student whom did not really engage with Korean cultural activities, this type of students still typically hangs out with Korean peers because they feel cultural disparity when they communicate with American peers. Ghose (2010) supports the idea of unity that language plays in identity formation in his article and he stresses that language serves as a mean of unifying the country. If the role of language in uniting a cultural community is analyzed in a different perspective, language can act as a tool that divides the people in a cultural community. Goose (2010), Lanehart (1996) and Kaili and Kaili (1998) share the same opinion about this idea. They critique the society obsession with Standard English and how English have eroded the cultural identity of their culture. For example, many Tongans see the Tongan language as an obstruction to their academic and economic development; they favored English language more than the Tongan language. Freire and Macedo (1987, 128) highlight that language should never be understood as a mere tool of communication (cited in Lanehart). Without doubt, language plays a significant role in the formation of cultural identity. It also acts as tool to unite the people in one cultural community that share the same collective identity. We often do not realize how much language has impacted our life. So, it is important for us to value our language because it carries our cultural, historical and social identity. Without a language, ones will lose its own identity.

Afghanistan- A Country in Distress Essay -- essays research papers

Afghanistan- A Country in Distress Afghanistan, a country located in South Asia just east of Iran whose population is 28,513,677, is one of the countries that I chose to address. Their government is under Transitional Authority which is in a state of unrest as national elections would formally dissolve this system and adapt or establish the Government of Afghanistan under a new constitution. The country like others in the Middle East suffers from enormous poverty and a few other problems to include the lack of skilled and educated workers, which also has such a grave effect on most other countries. The lack of is more than likely what lies beneath the country’s poverty. If people aren’t educated or don’t have the knowledge to perform certain tasks then this definitely causes a problem with employment issues. Not only does the country have problems as these but they are also plagued by the crumbling infrastructure and land mines which hinder the expansion or opening of more companies, so there are definite geographical issues as well. One of the main economic concerns that I would like to make mention of is the poverty rate and problem with employment. Although the rate of unemployment is zero the lack of skilled and educated people could lead to possible unemployment as the job market calls for education and skill. With these factors in mind we think of the reasoning behind the poverty; if most of the labor force are uneducated and unskilled then the rate of pay isn’t very... Afghanistan- A Country in Distress Essay -- essays research papers Afghanistan- A Country in Distress Afghanistan, a country located in South Asia just east of Iran whose population is 28,513,677, is one of the countries that I chose to address. Their government is under Transitional Authority which is in a state of unrest as national elections would formally dissolve this system and adapt or establish the Government of Afghanistan under a new constitution. The country like others in the Middle East suffers from enormous poverty and a few other problems to include the lack of skilled and educated workers, which also has such a grave effect on most other countries. The lack of is more than likely what lies beneath the country’s poverty. If people aren’t educated or don’t have the knowledge to perform certain tasks then this definitely causes a problem with employment issues. Not only does the country have problems as these but they are also plagued by the crumbling infrastructure and land mines which hinder the expansion or opening of more companies, so there are definite geographical issues as well. One of the main economic concerns that I would like to make mention of is the poverty rate and problem with employment. Although the rate of unemployment is zero the lack of skilled and educated people could lead to possible unemployment as the job market calls for education and skill. With these factors in mind we think of the reasoning behind the poverty; if most of the labor force are uneducated and unskilled then the rate of pay isn’t very...

Ben Franklin :: essays research papers

There was a man named Josiah Franklin. He owned a candle and soap shop in Boston, Massachusetts. The sign for the shop was shaped like a blue ball. Josiah had children, but there were often not living at home. Josiah invited guests to his home to talk and teach his children, but the guests were not aware that they were invited to teach the Franklin children. Both Josiah and his wife felt strongly about educating their children; they took their childrens' education very seriously. Benjamin, one of their children, always listened to the guests; he was a very bright child. Benjamin taught himself to read when he was only five years old. His parents wished that they could send Ben to school, but they were very poor. Once three very important men visited Josiah and told him of a new law which said that children must attend school. Josiah sent Ben to the Boston Latin School because the only expenses were books and fire wood. At the Latin School all the children were expected to learn fables by heart. The fables had lessons which the school master thought was an important part of learning. Ben's best friend's name was Nathan. Ben helped Nathan learn the fable "The Wolf and the Kid", while Ben learned "The Dog and his Shadow". At the time of the recital of the fables the school master said, "and Ben will recite "The Wolf and the Kid", which was Nathan's fable. Ben thought, "If I say that it is Nathan's fable, then the school master will get into trouble. If I recite the fable, then Nathan will get into trouble." Ben did nothing; he simply stood there looking up into the sky. Everyone said that Ben was lazy and that he could not even learn one fable. Josia h Franklin stood up and explained his son's behavior and the school master was very embarrassed. Josiah and Nathan's father both took their sons to the Writing School. Ben was good in every subject except math. An example of the type of math that Ben had trouble with is; 848 plus 262 equals 101010. Poor Ben would get a zero but his teacher would not explain the math to him. Ben loved science and frequently did experiments. His first experiment was paddles to make him swim faster. When he tried his newly invented paddles he found that although he could swim faster the paddles hurt his wrists.

Symbolism and Loss of Identity in The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwoo

Symbolism and Loss of Identity in The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood In Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, Offred recounts the story of her life and that of others in Gilead, but she does not do so alone. The symbolic meanings found in the dress code of the women, the names/titles of characters, the absence of the mirror, and the smell and hunger imagery aid her in telling of the repugnant conditions in the Republic of Gilead. The symbols speak with a voice of their own and in decibels louder than Offred can ever dare to use. They convey the social structure of Gileadean society and carry the theme of the individual's loss of identity. All the women in Gilead wear color-coded uniforms. The colors parade their social status and/or role in the reproductive process. The 'Aunts' who run the Rachel and Leah Re-Education Center wear brown; they are responsible for the indoctrination of the handmaids. The 'Marthas,' who wear green, are the servants. The 'Wives' wear a type of Virgin-Mary blue, which signifies their inability to bear children. The handmaids wear red robes and white peaked hats which resemble nuns' habits. Thus, they personify a religious sacrifice; they are like "temple prostitutes doomed to a kind of purdah in perpetuity" (Rigney 117). In addition, the red color of their clothing symbolizes their fertility. The color-coded uniforms that the women wear does more than just signify their functions. Along with the names/titles of characters, they symbolize the individual's loss of identity. No distinguishing mark of a woman is considered; rather, she is lumped with a group in which she is defined only by her social and reproductive function. Essentially, the color-coded uniforms strip each woman of her i... ...litical enemies. The foul and suffocating air of Gilead symbolizes the claustrophobia as well as oppression of its inhabitants (Rubenstein 109-110). In The Handmaid's Tale some symbolic tools such as dress codes and characters' names reflect the social standings of individuals in the Gilead society. These same symbols and others such as the mirror draw attention to the loss of individual identity, a theme present throughout the novel. Still others like smell or hunger convey the atmosphere&emdash;both physical and psychological&emdash;in Gilead. Whatever their different purposes may be, the symbolic devices achieve the same result: they enlighten the reader on dangerous social tendencies and compel him/her to take action in order to prevent the outcomes they depict. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid's Tale. Anchor Books: New York, New York, 1985.

Multi-User Dungeons

This lengthy article on avatars in Multi-User Dungeons (MUD) was informative and useful, though hard for the novice gamer to digest in one sitting. Literature attests to the gaming community using computers as tools to communicate and to link together friendships and partnerships. However, the article points out there is a danger of the gamer becoming overly involved in the community, and to remember that words on a forum/discussion board screen etc does not equate to an entity that reflects a physical community.I agree that there are differences and these need to be borne in mind during the gaming experience, however I find Rhiengold ignores the inherent similarities of virtual and physical communities with regard to their psychological processes (Agress, Edberg, & Igbaria, 1998). The article reviews MUD as a dynamic and â€Å"wild side† to the Internet. Rheingold contends that real magic exists here and that a person's identity is characterized by its fluidity. The imaginary worlds created with huge computer databases of programming languages deliver melodramas and satires, puzzles, education, leisure time and competition.With respect to the article's description of MUD communities Rheingold is somewhat over-exuberant in listing virtues of MUDs. There is an emphasis on fantasy, power, dominance, sexual prowess and violent injury or death. The goals as presented by Rheingold are economic dominance, fame and social power. Another criticism of the article is that it is not structured soundly. The history of MUD communities begins a page or so into the article. The piece then abruptly jumps to describing potential empirical functions of MUDs; such as observing them as â€Å"living laboratories for studying the first-level impacts of virtual communities†.Rheingold does not attempt to outline how such research could be undertaken, what would be measured or how participants would be ensured of informed consent. Numerous ethical dilemmas are obvious whe n considering the use of MUD communities as settings for collecting social and/or psychological data. Unlike the physical environment, MUDs are not â€Å"natural† and field research designs would need to be modified to maintain ethical standards and empirical rigor.Rheingold also suggests that the MUD environments could be used a research environment for evaluation of second-level effect of virtual communities on physical world relationships, such as with family, personal relationships, friendships etc. Interestingly, Rheingold points out that fundamental issue for the western culture are called into question with MUDs, social norms, values and expectations are adapting to the virtual (pun intended) anonymity the Internet can provide. He makes a good point that this in an important issue for a community where many relationships are mediated by technology.Unfortunately, the article has several disjointed jumps, with Rheingold distributing MUD history throughout the piece. He e xplores the idea of gaming being an addiction, due to several MUDders admitting to spending most of their waking hours immersed in virtual worlds. The concept of MUD community addiction is presented in the article as a â€Å"communication addiction† that needs to be experienced to be understood according to MIT's Media Lab Associate Professor Amy Bruckman; How do we feel about tens of thousands of college students spendingtheir time and government-sponsored resources to chase virtual dragons? To answer this question, you have to dive in and explore assumptions about what is a meaningful way to spend one's time. What are the value judgments implicit in various answers to that question? † Rheingold suggests that the first step is to investigate the fascination some gamers have with MUDding, to determine how obsession develops. Identifying unique features of the medium that engage a gamer psychologically and that meets a person's needs and expectations would inform about f ascination.He further states changing conceptualization about what is identity is the underlying cause as to how fascination develops into a dysfunctional obsession. Hence, to Rheingold, MUD communities are an extension of ongoing cognitive changes brought about by innovation, technological advancements and adaption of symbols to suit a communication-saturated society. MUD environments have allowed dissolving of social boundaries associated with time and space, as well as boundaries of identity. A gamer can pretend to be another; they can pretend to be many other people simultaneously.It appears to Rheingold that depersonalized modes of communication allow some people to be much more personal with each other as compared to a relationship in the physical world. However, he questions the authenticity of the human relationship within the cyber context, given the masking of the person and the distancing that the medium can provide. In this way he states that MUDding is not real life. Ho wever, he does not explore the potential for MUD to become a person's life, which from a constructivist point of view, would make the virtual a â€Å"real world† given that a person is seen as constructing their own reality (Riddings & Gefen, 2004).Overall, Rheingold focuses on issues of identity for the MUDder. One of the first activities that a person does when entering a MUD environment is to create an identity. They describe their character for others who inhabit or visit the MUD. It is through the creation of their identity, states Rheingold that the MUD community develops, grows, changes and maintains coherence for its members. It is the roles each gamer plays, points out Rheingold, that guides the socio-cultural value system of the community; †¦the roles give people new stages on which to exercise new identities,and their new identities affirm the reality of the scenario. The fluidity of identity is enabled by the participants being able to communicate using a num ber of public and private channel options; ? private e-mail ? person-to-person chat ? person-to-person chat ? â€Å"say,† â€Å"whisper,† and â€Å"pose† to anybody else in the same room ? form of group chat that uses the boundaries of metaphorical rooms as social boundaries ? turn on or off special-interest CB channels for other semipublic conversations across different parts of the MUDPoses and words are used to communicate meaning in the MUD environment. Rheingold describes the use of pose as useful though disembodied non-verbal language. Another word for posing is â€Å"emoting† and provides an added dimension to communication not possible in the physical world. For example, â€Å"[Instead] of leaving the room, you can disappear in a cloud of iridescent, bubble-gum-flavored bubbles†. Rheingold comments that first feelings of artificiality when posing soon disperse when one becomes aware of the added control they have over the ambience of the co nversation.Posing can provide contextual cues to that are not available through words on a screen alone. The added advantage of having creative powers within the MUD environment takes the experience beyond that of conferencing and or chat sites, â€Å"such as magic carpets that transport their owners to secret parts of the kingdom†. Other characters are able to steal or gain power of objects and avatars of others. As such, the social construction of valuing items and characters is similar in process to that which occurs in the creation of value systems in physical communities.Similarly, the social goal of power, over others and the material world, is a social concept that continues to be maintained in the virual world. Rheingold ignores this salient feature of consistency in what makes a community. In this way, MUD environment's can be considered â€Å"real† as they are experienced by individuals, and they do lead to the construction of social institutions, rules and c ommon goals mediated by a culturally-dependant language.The MUD culture is framed by the technology through which it is made visible and allows interaction, and also, by the physical world from which its computer hardware and software, and persons social rules came from. Much like Russian dolls, worlds within worlds. Navigation of the MUD community provides a learning experience for each character and they learn their roles to play. Gender roles are a dominant determinant of social placement and social expectations within the physical world. So too in the world of MUD.For example, tiny. sex and net. sleazing are techniques used predominantly by male characters to seduce female newbies into cybersex that is recorded and distributed across the globe via the Internet. As such, gender stereotypes remain within the virtual world, and women tend to be viewed as inferior, gullible and unworthy of treatment as equals. Despite social thought advances in the 21st century, the physical world c ontinues to exist within a patriarchial system that creates power struggles between dichotomies.The MUD communities do little to challenge the status quo of inequality with regard to gender, and in many ways (due to its anonymity) increase opportunities for people to act out anti-social behaviors. It must be kept in mind that these behavioral choices are grounded in physical world cultures, so that Rheingold's claim that MUD communities are unlike the â€Å"real world† in terms of social interactions is poorly supported. In conclusion, Rheingold delivers an indepth subjective critique of MUD communities. The critical review before you has evaluated Rheingold's interpretation and communication of the relevance and function of MUDs.Evidently, MUDding is an important psychological and social activity or â€Å"way-of-being† for many people, both female and male. This has sparked much debate in terms of addiction theories, gender issues and perhaps most importantly, ones se nse of identity. This paper has demonstrated that MUD communities have the potential to be research environments if ethical criteria can be met, and that in terms of social processes virtual communities have many similarities to those of the physical world from which they emerged.References Agres, C. , Edberg, D. & Igbaria, M. (1998) Transformation to Virtual Societies: Forces and Issues. The Information Society 14(2), 71-82. Rhiengold, H. (n. d. ) The Virtual Community. Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://www. rheingold. com/vc/book/5. html Riddings, C. M. & Gefen, D. (2004) Virtual Community Attraction: Why People Hang Out Online. Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://jcmc. indiana. edu/vol10/issue1/ridings_gefen. html

Psychology of Motivation Assignment Essay

Upon examining my inner self, I have realized that I have a couple of behavioral excesses that I want to decrease. Firstly, I have realized that I have the tendency to delay things and wait for the deadline to be near before I do my assignments, both at home and in school. Though I still meet the requirements, the whole cramming business usually puts me at great stress after the work has been done. Another is my tendency to get easily irritated. When I am under pressure, I hate people bothering me, which sometimes lead to misunderstandings between me and my siblings, friends and classmates. On the other hand, I have only one dominant behavioral deficit that I want to overcome and that is my tendency to keep silent even if I know that my idea is better than what has been presented. I am not a very assertive person and I usually accept what others would have to say instead of insisting mine. The most plausible cause of my first identified behavioral excess is the reward that I am getting in the form of high scores every time I do my assignments near the deadline. I have noticed that my mind works best when under pressure. When I was still in my elementary years, I used to do my assignments immediately upon receipt of the advice coming from my teacher. Unfortunately, the results are not as good as those projects that I accomplish near the deadline. I have also noticed that my ideas are incredibly free flowing when I am under pressure. The high academic ratings that I earned out of the cramming business have reinforced me to start doing my assignments near the set deadlines. Unfortunately, now that I am already in my college years, the projects that I need to accomplish started to pile up and the stress I experience out of the situation is sometimes hard to bear physically as it drains my energy. On the other hand, the second behavioral excess that I have identified above is possibly caused by stress. It is connected with my tendency to delay accomplishing projects, thus, when in extreme pressure, I tend to nag and easily get irritated. This is unhealthy for me as far as my relationship with my siblings, classmates and friends are concerned. If is continue to do this, I will loose my friends and my closeness with my siblings will be affected as well. I really need to decrease this negative behavior by controlling my temper. Likewise, the deficit that I have identified to be overcome is possibly caused by the way our parents reared us. As a child, I remembered that I was not given much freedom to express my self and let my opinions on certain things be heard. If ever I do some deviations, I get scolded. These negative experiences have led me to accept what other people have to say instead of insisting on what I believe. Using the self control program, I think the most efficient strategy to make myself commit to this aim of controlling my behavioral excesses is to tell others and make them aware of my intentions. By doing this, I will be obliged to religiously follow my commitment. I will make a daily schedule with realistic timelines so that I will have clear targets and ensure prioritization of important things. By accomplishing the projects and things to do according to the planned schedule, I could be stress free and thus, avoid getting irritated immediately. In case I fail to meet a certain target, I will abstain from attending a scheduled fun activity. This will serve as my punishment for having failed to meet my goal. On the other hand, I will treat myself to a new book in case I consistently meet my targets. I will monitor my progress on a monthly basis until such time that my aim becomes a habit. In overcoming my behavior deficit, I will start joining groups where exchange of ideas is frequent. My target is to express my opinion at least once in every topic being discussed. The reward that I will gain here will be in the form of self fulfillment. The only obstacle that I have seen here is fear of rejection but I think the reward is worth the risk.

Emma is described as being “handsome, clever and rich” in the first sentence of the novel but her character could be perceived in many ways

Emma is described as being â€Å"handsome, clever and rich† in the first sentence of the novel but her character could be perceived in many ways. Emma could be seen as being very kind, perfect, and acting like a lady of her time but she could also be viewed as a quite self-obsessed, stuck-up person who clings to social stAtus when it suits her, For example: She makes Harriet reject Mr Martin because Emma thinks she should aim for someone higher but is then upset when she likes Mr Knightley later on in the novel. I agree with the latter point of view because throughout the novel she never seems to see past herself and isn't concerned with other people's point of views. In the first chapter it says â€Å"The real evils of Emma's situation were the power of having rather too much her own way, and a disposition to think a little too well of herself. Which is true because she thinks her opinion is the only one that matters. Although, as this is a â€Å"coming-of-age† novel she does change throughout the course of the story and becomes a nicer person. Emma may not have been so likeable in Jane Austen's time because society was so different. Women were supposed to marry for money & status and were expected to obey the men. Emma is portrayed as being too independent for that time and more like women of today. Although she lives with her father he is dependent on her and she rules the household. The only voice of reason she hears is that of Mr Knightly. Now, women are independent and can choose who they want to marry as they are seen as social equals which they weren't at that time. Jane Austen could have seen herself as being like Emma, and, while she may have been a dislikeable character in those times she might also have been a character women looked up to because she was so independent. In the story, society would expect a lot of Emma. She would have to be charitable and kind. Women of her status were supposed to make a match with someone of similar social standing as marriage was a business. Emma's personality as well as her faults are shown through her relationships with other characters in the novel. Mrs Elton brings out her bad side and in some ways represents all the things that are bad about Emma. Jane Fairfax represents some of Emma's good traits and the things that Emma would like to be. Emma is quite jealous of her and recognises her talents when she says â€Å"She certainly is handsome, she is better than handsome!† Emma's good side is also revealed when she is with her father because she seems to care for him more than anything else, which is shown when Mr Knightley proposes to her and all she can think about is what'll happen to her dad if she moves. Emma tries hard to find Harriet a match that she would approve of. When Emma is with Harriet she is selfish and manipulative which the reader can see when, in chapter 40, she gives Harriet advice whilst saying that she wont interfere knowing that Harriet will be guided by Emma's opinions. This is probably due to the fact that Emma has so much time on her hands because she has so much money she doesn't have to work. Jane Austen chose to write as an omniscient narrator which means the reader gets to see Emma honestly but the story is still very much through Emma's point of view as you don't get to read the other characters' points of view. i.e. when Emma insults Miss Bates on Box Hill none of the other characters are seen to comment and only Emma's point of view is given. Some of the characters are too farcical and could be compared to fairytale characters in some ways for example: Mr Knightley is like a virtuous prince charming that always does the right thing and Jane Fairfax is like a perfect little princess. Jane Austen chooses a traditional happy ending for the novel because people would expect to have one at the time she was writing it but, today people want something different and it is up to the author how to end the novel. Overall, she begins the novel very stuck-up and snobbish believing that she is more important than everybody else but as she approaches her twenty1st birthday and the age at which she has to take responsibility for herself she begins to change.

Electromagnetic Pulse Generator – EMP

IntroductionFor partial fulfilment op the demands for the award op the grade op Bachelor op Technology in Electronics and Communications Engineering child undertaking is done in 7Thursdaysemester and followed in 8Thursdaysemester as major undertaking. Minor undertaking is titled â€Å"Electromagnetic Pulse Generator† , abbreviated as E.M.P.. generator.It was observed during a atomic bomb trial detonation that electronic and electrical equipment got exploded/ fried.During 19Thursdaycentury, solar storm caused E.M.P.. detonations which fried telegraph machines all over Europe and USA, though a few worked.E.M.P.. is op two types Nuclear and Non-Nuclear E.M.P†¦E.M.P.. iz non used as op now but has some future application under DEW ( directed energy arm ) where E-Bomb will be used to destruct enemy’s communicating system including RADARs and might be utile in taking down their economic system and take them back to rock age. We, as a minor undertaking, arr non traveling to do an Microwave bomb or anything destructive but will show at a illumination degree how it works. Purpose op PlanThe intent of thiz undertaking is merely to do an E.M.P.. generator and demo that how modern warfarr would alter ip E.M.P.. iz used and without usage op much adult male power, we could destruct our enemy.It iz ascertain that our enemies arrn’t sitting quiet and they would besides develop such a arm.Looking at our budget, we can non do a large generator but at a little degree we can show its hereafter applications.Undertaking Goals and AimsGoal op the undertaking iz to put emphasis on how we can develop a better category op arms utilizing E.M.P.. generator.Goal will be achieved by developing an easier manner op execution op E.M.P.. rule.ScopeScope DefinitionThe intent op the E.M.P.. iz to destruct electronic equipment.Thiz has military applications written all over it.With extra research in the E.M.P.. , we will cognize better how to protect ourselves from foreign enemies e.m.p..loying such onslaughts against us. While at the same clip, develop better arms op thi z sort to keep high quality.Projected BudgetThiz project’s budget iz less than 1000 rupees as we arr traveling to implement E.M.P.. at illumination degree by utilizing a bear downing circuit to bear down up a capacitance and usage that charged capacitance to supply electromotive force to a Cu spiral to bring forth an EM pulsation.ConstraintsUndertaking ConstraintsOur undertaking iz practically a arm op mass devastation and can do lasting harm to every electronic /electrical device that comes in its scope.Since the beginning op thiz study, we have laid emphasis on the point that we arr implementing thiz undertaking on a miniaturized degree. But still E.M.P.. is unsafe and can do harm to expensive points in propinquity.Hence we arr restricted to a really low degree op execution. Higher degree op E.M.P.. generator might be manner excessively expensive for us to do and plus there arr restraints sing security op electronic points in propinquity.Project Management ApproachUndertaki ng TimelineCalendar monthProgress op the Undertaking23rdAugust, 2014Collection op Information on E.M.P..30ThursdayAugust, 2014Making the Data base6ThursdaySeptember- 25ThursdayOctober, 2014Planing the circuit1stNovember-6ThursdayDecember, 2014Making circuit on bread board and proving2neodymiumJanuary-3rdFebruary, 2015Bettering and brainstorming the defects4ThursdayMarch, 2015Manufacturing the circuit on PCB31stMarch, 2015Consequences and ConclusionHazard AppraisalUndertaking Rizk AssessmentThe intent op the E.M.P.. iz to destruct electronic equipment.Our undertaking iz practically a arm op mass devastation and can do lasting harm to every electronic /electrical device that comes in its scope.Rizk degree iz high but since the beginning op thiz study, we have laid emphasis on the point that we arr implementing thiz undertaking on a miniaturized degree.Thiz undertaking iz rizky as E.M.P.. iz potentially a unsafe arm and could likely destruct expensive material like Mobiles and laptops. Though we arr concerned with the rule behind E.M.P.. and for sake op screening we will develop merely a little E.M.P.. generator therefore rizk involved would be lesser as comparrd to suggested methods, theoretical and hiztorical illustrations op such an event op E.M.P.. explosion.Literature ReviewUndertaking Analysiz and FeasibilityAn electromagnetic pulsation ( E.M.P.. ) , besides sometimes called a transient electromagnetic dizturbance, iz a short explosion op electromagnetic energy. Such a pulsation may happen in the signifier op a radiated electric or magnetic field or conducted electrical current depending on the beginning, and may be natural or man-made.It was observed during a atomic bomb trial detonation that electronic and electrical equipment got exploded/ fried.During 19Thursdaycentury, solar storm caused E.M.P.. detonations which fried telegraph machines all over Europe and USA, though a few worked.Equally early as 1962, USA detonated a atomic Bomb in US and Soviet Cold War atmospheric trial plans. Thiz explosion wasn’t intended for an E.M.P.. trial but accidently it was observed that many op the telegraph services, Street lamps got fried.The US and Soviet atmospheric trial plans used E-bomb engineering to E.M.P.. explosions. The E-Bomb plants on a rule that current fluxing through a Cu spiral induces Magnetic Field and magnetic field induces current in spiral, ensuing in a pulse op EM energy that iz capable op damaging any electrical, electronic equipment.E.M.P.. intervention iz by and large damaging to electronic equipment, and at higher energy degrees a powerful E.M.P.. event such as a lightning work stoppage can damage physical objects such as edifices and aircraft constructions.An E.M.P.. typically contains energy at many frequences from DC ( zero Hz ) to some upper bound depending on the beginning. The whole scope op concern iz sometimes referred to as â€Å" DC to daylight † , with optical ( infrarrd, vizible, UV ) and ionisin g ( X and gamma beams ) ranges normally being excluded.The highest frequences arr present in Nuclear E.M.P.. ( NE.M.P.. ) bursts. These continue up into the optical and ionizing scopes.E.M.P.. events normally induce a corresponding signal in the victim equipment, due to matching between the beginning and victim. Coupling normally occurs most strongly over a comparatively narrow frequence set, taking to a characteriztic damped sine wave signal in the victim.Vizually it iz shown as a high frequence sine wave turning and disintegrating within the longer-lived envelope op the double-exponential curve.A damped sine moving ridge typically has much lower energy and a narrower frequence spread than the original pulsation, due to the transportation characteriztic op the yoke manner.In pattern, E.M.P.. trial equipment opten injects these damped sine moving ridges straight instead than atte.m.p..ting to animate the high-energy menace pulsations.The development op conventional E – bomb d evices allows their usage in non-nuclear confrontations. It can be used by particular forces squads who infiltrate the enemy ‘s and explode a device near their electronic devices.It destroys the electronics op all computing machine and communicating systems in a rather big arra.The E.M.P.. bomb can be smaller than a HERF gun to do a similar sum op harm and iz typically used to damage non a individual mark ( non taking in one way ) but to damage all equipment near the bomb.The efficient executing op an Information Warfarr run against a modern industrial or post-industrial opposition will necessitate the usage op specialised tools designed to destruct information systems. High Power Electro-magnetic Pulse coevals techniques and High Power Microwave engineering have matured to the point where practical electro-magnetic bombs arr going technically executable, with new applications in both Strategic and Tactical IW ( Information Warfarr ) .Modern VLSI french friess arr highly sensi tive to voltage rushs, and would be burned out by even little escape currents. Military equipment iz by and large designed to be resiztant to E.M.P.. , but realiztic trials arr really dipficult to execute and E.M.P.. protection remainders on attending to item.Thiz iz where the consequence op E.M.P.. starts to acquire complex. All electricity travels, op class, at the velocity op visible radiation.The circuit surfs that arr built into our electrical system or the 1s you buy to stop up your ain computing machine in to, arr designed to â€Å"read’ the flow op current.Information science it all of a sudden exceeds a certain degree, the ledgeman catchs and takes you opf line, therefore protecting everything beyond it.More than a few op us have found out that when you buy a inexpensive rush defender for 10 or 20 vaulting horses sure it will snarl opf, but the rush has already passed through and fried your expensive plasma televizion or new computing machine.Unlike a lightning work stoppage, or other power rush, an E.M.P.. rush iz â€Å"front loaded.† Meaning it doesn’t make a construct up for a twosome op micrometer seconds, leting adequate clip for the circuit ledgeman to â€Å"read† that problem iz on the manner and close down.It comes alternatively like a wall op energy, without any progress moving ridge constructing up as a warning. It therefore sweeps through about all commercial and even military rush defenders already in topographic point, and iz past the â€Å"safety barrier† and into the delicate electronics before the system has clip to respond.In 1962 both USA and the Soviets detonated atomic arms in infinite ( saber rattle during the Cuban Mizsile Criziz ) and it iz reported that a figure op autos, their ignition systems a 1000 stat mis off from the explosion were fried because op E.M.P†¦Great modern comfortss from airbag detectors to fuel injectors and all op it arr more and more dependent on computing machines. At the blink of an eye the â€Å"Pulse† work stoppages, the organic structure op your auto and the wireless aerial will feed the overload into your vehicle’s computing machine and short it out.Thiz is a terrorizing facet op an onslaught that no authorities study has publically dizcussed along with the possible casualty rate in the first seconds after an onslaught. Commercial airliners today arr all computing machine driven.E.M.P.. protection can be done by utilizing A Faraday coop or Faraday shield iz an enclosure formed by conductive stuff or by a mesh op such stuff.Such an enclosure blocks external inactive and non-static electric Fieldss by imparting electricity through the mesh, supplying changeless electromotive force on all sides op the enclosure.Since the difference in electromotive force iz the step op electrical potency, no current flows through the infinite.Faraday cages arr named after the Englizh scientizt Michael Faraday, who invented them in 1836. A Farad ay coop operates because an external inactive electrical field causes the electric charges within the coop ‘s carry oning stuff to be diztributed such that they cancel the field ‘s consequence in the coop ‘s inside.Thiz phenomenon iz used, for illustration, to protect electronic equipment from lightning work stoppages and electrostatic dizcharges.Appendix Undertaking Summary: An electromagnetic pulsation ( E.M.P.. ) , besides sometimes called a transient electromagnetic dizturbance, iz a short explosion op electromagnetic energy. Such a pulsation may happen in the signifier op a radiated electric or magnetic field or conducted electrical current depending on the beginning, and may be natural or man-made. The term â€Å" electromagnetic pulsation † iz normally abbreviated to the acronym E.M.P†¦ E.M.P.. intervention iz by and large damaging to electronic equipment, and at higher energy degrees a powerful E.M.P.. event such as a lightning work stoppage can damage physical objects such as edifices and aircraft constructions. An electromagnetic pulsation iz a short explosion op electromagnetic energy. Its shortness means that it will ever be spread over a scope op frequences. Pulsations arr typically characterized by:The type op energy ( radiated, electric, magnetic or conducted ) .The scope or spectrum op frequences present.Pulse wave form: form, continuance and amplitude.An E.M.P.. arizes where the beginning emits a short-duration pulsation op energy. The energy iz normally broadband by nature, although it opten excites a comparatively narrow-band damped sine wave response in the victim. Some types arr generated as insistent and regular pulsation trains. Types op E.M.P.. divide loosely into natural, semisynthetic and arms effects. Methodology to be adopted:E.M.P.. generator iz foremost constructed on a bread board and so it will be fabricated on a PCB. Its strength will be tested on the basiz op current flow and electromotive force across the spiral. Resource Requirement:Low induction Capacitor, Transformer, electromotive force supply, PCB, Bread Board, Copper spiral. Justipication op the Undertaking: E.M.P.. can be used in Defense systems like anti-mizsile system. High Power Electro-magnetic Pulse coevals techniques and High Power Microwave engineering have matured to the point where practical E-bombs ( Electro-magnetic bombs ) arr going technically executable, with new applications in both Strategic and Tactical Information Warfarr. The development op conventional E-bomb devices allows their usage in non-nuclear confrontations. It can be used by particular forces squads who infiltrate the enemy ‘s and explode a device near their electronic devices. It destroys the electronics op all computing machine and communicating systems in a rather big arra. The E.M.P.. bomb can be smaller than a HERF gun to do a similar sum op harm and iz typically used to damage non a individual mark ( non taking in one way ) but to damage all equipment near the bomb. PERT chart/ Schedule op undertaking completion:Calendar monthSubjects to be covered23rdAugust, 2014Collection op Information on E.M.P..30ThursdayAugust, 2014Making the Data base6ThursdaySeptember- 25ThursdayOctober, 2014Planing the circuit1stNovember-6ThursdayDecember, 2014Making circuit on bread board and proving2neodymiumJanuary-3rdFebruary, 2015Bettering and brainstorming the defects4ThursdayMarch, 2015Manufacturing the circuit on PCB31stMarch, 2015Consequences and ConclusionMentions: 1.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/eonw_11.pdf 2.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tfd.chalmers.se/~valeri/E.M.P†¦ hypertext markup language 3.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eckelusa.com/products/modular-enclosures/-e.m.p..-applications.html